Threats to independence of an auditor

1

Self-interest threats

2

Self-review threats

3

Advocacy threats,

4

Familiarity threats,

5

Intimidation threats,

1

Self-interest threats

Self-interest threats, which occur when an auditing firm, its partner or associate could benefit from a financial interest in an audit client.

Examples include

1. direct financial interest or materially significant indirect financial interest in a client,
2.  loan or guarantee to or from the concerned client,
3. undue dependence on a client's fees and, hence, concerns about losing the engagement
4.  close business relationship with an audit client
5. potential employment with the client, and
6. contingent fees for the audit engagement.

2

Self-review threats,

Self-review threats, which occur when during a review of any judgement or conclusion reached in a previous audit or non-audit engagement (Non audit services include any professional services provided to an entity by an auditor, other than audit or review of the financial statements. These include management services, internal audit, investment advisory service, design and implementation of information technology systems etc.), or when a member of the audit team was previously a director or senior employee of the client. Instances where such threats come into play are (i) when an auditor having recently been a director or senior officer of the company, and (ii) when auditors perform services that are themselves subject matters of audit.

3

Advocacy threats

Advocacy threats, which occur when the auditor promotes, or is perceived to promote, a client's opinion to a point where people may believe that objectivity is getting compromised, e.g. when an auditor deals with shares or securities of the audited company, or becomes the client's advocate in litigation and third party disputes.

4

Familiarity threats,

Familiarity threats are self-evident, and occur when auditors form relationships with the client where they end up being too sympathetic to the client's interests. This can occur in many ways:

1. close relative of the audit team working in a senior position in the client company,
2. (ii) former partner of the audit firm being a director or senior employee of the client,
3. long association between specific auditors and their specific client counterparts, and
4. acceptance of significant gifts or hospitality from the client company, its directors or employees.

5

Intimidation threats,

Intimidation threats, which occur when auditors are deterred from acting objectively with an adequate degree of professional skepticism. Basically, these could happen because of threat of replacement over disagreements with the application of accounting principles, or pressure to disproportionately reduce work in response to reduced audit fees.