Chapter 5 Money class 12th Commerce
Money Money is anything which is generally accepted as a medium of exchange , measure of value , store of value and means for standard of deferred payments . Â Barter sys...
Chapter 6 Banking :Commercial Banks and The Central Bank class 12th Commerce
COMMERCIAL BANK Commercial bank is an institution which performs the function of accepting deposits , granting loans and making investment with the aim of earning profits. Fu...
Chapter 7 Aggregate demand and Related concept class 12th Commerce
Aggregate Demand: (a) Aggregate demand refers to the total demand for final goods and services in an economy during an accounting year. (b) Aggregate demand is aggregate expend...
Chapter 8 Income determination and multiplier class 12th Commerce
Concept Determination of equilibrium level  Assumptions Determination of equilibrium is to be studied in two sector model that is households and firms. It is assum...
Chapter 9 Excess demand and deficient demand class 12th Commerce
Concept Excess Demand Excess demand refers to the situation where aggregate demand is more than the aggregate supply corresponding to full employment level in the economy. ...
Chapter 10 Government Budget class 12th Commerce
Introduction Government buget is an annual statement showing its item wise estimated of receipts and expenditures during a fiscal year. Concept Objectives of government budget ...
Chapter 11 Foregin Exchange Rate class 12th Commerce
Concept Meaning of Foreign Exchange Rate Foreign exchange refers to all currencies other than the domestic  currency of a given country ..  Concept Differences between...
Chapter 12 Balance of payments class 12th Commerce
Meaning of Balance of Payments Balance of payments is an accounting statement that provide a systematic record to all the economic transaction , between resident of a country an...
Chapter 1 Circular flow of income and 2 Main concept of Macroeconomics class 12th Commerce
1. Macroeconomics is the part of economic theory that studies the economy as a whole, such as national income, aggregate employment, general price level, aggregate consumption, ag...
Introduction: This is a numerical based chapter to calculate national income by different methods (Income, expenditure and value-added method, their steps and precautions). Nume...
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